Hana ʻia e ke kauka Farani Gaston Plantéi ka makahiki 1859, ʻo ke kēpau ka waika ka mea hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia no ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana.ʻOiai kona mau makahiki ʻelemakule, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka kemika alakaʻi i kēia lā.Aia nā kumu maikaʻi no kona kaulana;hilinaʻi ʻia ka ʻakika kēpau a maʻalahi hoʻi ma ke kumu kūʻai-per-watt.He liʻiliʻi nā pila ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi ana i ka mana nui e like me ke kumu kūʻai ʻana o ka waikawa lead, a ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻemi ai i ke kumu kūʻai o ka pākaukau no nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa kolepa, nā forklifts, nā lako moana a me nā lako mana uninterruptible (UPS).
Hana ʻia ke ʻano o ka pahu pahu waika lead mai kahi hui alakaʻi.He palupalu loa ke kēpau maʻemaʻe a ʻaʻole e kākoʻo iā ia iho, no laila ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā metala ʻē aʻe e loaʻa ai ka ikaika mechanical a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai uila.ʻO nā mea hoʻohui maʻamau he antimony, calcium, tin a me selenium.Ua ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia mau pila he "lead-antimony" a me "leadcalcium."
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka antimony a me ka tin e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka holo kaʻa hohonu akā hoʻonui kēia i ka inu wai a hoʻonui i ka ponohoʻolikelike.Hoʻemi ka calcium i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā ia iho, akā ʻo ka pāleka lead-calcium maikaʻi ka hopena ʻaoʻao o ka ulu ʻana ma muli o ka oxidation grid i ka wā e hoʻonui ʻia ai.Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā pākaʻi waikawa lead hou i nā mea hana doping e like me selenium, cadmium, tin a me arsenic e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻike antimony a me ka calcium.
He kaumaha ka ʻakika alakaʻi a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana nickel-a me ka lithium-based ke holo kaʻa hohonu.ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu piha ʻana ke kumu o ka pilikia a ʻo kēlā me kēia hoʻokuʻu ʻana/hoʻopiʻi pōʻaiapuni e hao mau i ka pākaukau o kahi liʻiliʻi.He liʻiliʻi kēia poho i ka wā e hana maikaʻi ana ka pākaukau, akā piʻi ka mae i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka hana i ka hapalua o ka mana nominal.Pili kēia ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā pākahi a pau ma nā degere like ʻole.
Ma muli o ka hohonu o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hāʻawi ka waikawa lead no nā noi pōʻai hohonu i ka 200 a i ka 300 hoʻoiho.ʻO nā kumu nui o kona ola pōkole pōkole, ʻo ia ka corrosion grid ma ka electrode maikaʻi, ka pau ʻana o ka mea hana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā papa maikaʻi.Hoʻonui ʻia kēia ʻano ʻelemakule i nā mahana hana kiʻekiʻe a i ka wā e huki ai i nā au hoʻokuʻu kiʻekiʻe.
He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pākaukau lead acid, akā pono e mālama ʻia nā palena o ka volta.ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi palena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pale ai i ka pākaukau, akā hoʻopuka kēia i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole a hoʻoulu i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka sulfation ma ka pā maikaʻi ʻole.Hoʻomaikaʻi ka palena o ka volta kiʻekiʻe i ka hana akā hoʻokumu i ka corrosion grid ma ka pā maikaʻi.ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka sulfation inā lawelawe ʻia i ka manawa, paʻa ka pala.
ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka waikawa Lead iā ia iho i ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana a me ka nui o nā ʻano, he 14-16 mau hola ke hoʻopiha piha.Pono e mālama ʻia ka pākaukau ma ke kūlana piha piha.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke kumu o ka sulfation, kahi kūlana e hao ai i ka hana o ka pākaukau.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kalapona ma ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole e hōʻemi i kēia pilikia akā hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia i ka ikehu kikoʻī.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka waikawa Lead, akā ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e like me nā ʻōnaehana nickel-based, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana ma waena o nā pākaukau rechargeable.ʻOiai e nalowale ana ʻo NiCd ma kahi o 40 pakeneka o kā lākou ikehu mālama ʻia i loko o ʻekolu mahina, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka waikawa lead i ka nui like i hoʻokahi makahiki.Ke hana maikaʻi nei ka pākaukau lead acid i nā mahana anuanu a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka lithium-ion i ka wā e hana ana i nā kūlana subzero.Wahi a RWTH, Aachen, Kelemānia (2018), ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka wai kepau i hoʻopiha ʻia ma kahi o $150 no kWh, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea haʻahaʻa loa i nā pila.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-13-2021