Yasungulwa udokotela waseFrance Gaston Planténgo-1859, i-lead acid yaba ibhethri lokuqala elishajekayo elisetshenziselwa ukuhweba.Naphezu kokukhula kwayo, ikhemistri eholayo isaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla.Kunezizathu ezinhle zokuthandwa kwayo;i-lead acid inokwethenjelwa futhi ayibizi ngesisekelo sezindleko nge-watt ngayinye.Akhona amanye amabhethri ambalwa aletha amandla amaningi ngenani eliphansi njenge-lead acid, futhi lokhu kwenza ibhethri lingabizi kakhulu ezimotweni, ezimotweni zegalofu, ama-forklift, izinto zikagesi zasolwandle nezingaphazamiseki (UPS).
Isakhiwo segridi yebhethri le-asidi eholayo senziwa ngengxubevange yomthofu.Umthofu omsulwa uthambile kakhulu futhi ngeke ukwazi ukuzondla ngokwawo, ngakho-ke amanani amancane ezinye izinsimbi zengezwa ukuze kutholwe amandla emishini futhi kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zikagesi.Izithasiselo ezivame kakhulu yi-antimony, i-calcium, i-tin ne-selenium.Lawa mabhethri avame ukwaziwa ngokuthi “lead-antimony” kanye “leadcalcium.”
Ukwengeza i-antimony ne-tin kuthuthukisa ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okujulile kodwa lokhu kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi futhi kukhulisa isidingo sokwenza kanjalolinganisa.I-calcium inciphisa ukuzikhipha ngokwakho, kodwa ipuleti le-lead-calcium eliphozithivu linomphumela oseceleni wokukhula ngenxa ye-grid oxidation lapho ishajwa kakhulu.Amabhethri esimanje aneasidi yomthofu nawo asebenzisa ama-doping agents afana ne-selenium, i-cadmium, ithini ne-arsenic ukuze ehlise i-antimony ne-calcium.
I-asidi yomthofu iyasinda futhi ayihlali isikhathi eside kunezinhlelo ezisuselwe ku-nickel ne-lithium lapho ijule ngamabhayisikili.Ukukhipha okugcwele kubangela ubunzima futhi umjikelezo ngamunye wokukhipha/wokushaja uphuca ibhethri inani elincane lomthamo unomphela.Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuncane kuyilapho ibhethri lisesimeni esihle sokusebenza, kodwa ukufiphala kuyanda uma ukusebenza kwehlela kuhhafu womthamo ovamile.Lesi sici sokuguga sisebenza kuwo wonke amabhethri ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
Kuye ngokujula kokukhishwa, i-asidi eholayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zomjikelezo ojulile inikeza imijikelezo engu-200 kuya ku-300 yokukhipha / yokushaja.Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuphila kwayo komjikelezo omfushane ukugqwala kwegridi ku-electrode enhle, ukuncipha kwezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nokwandiswa kwamapuleti amahle.Lesi simo sokuguga sisheshiswa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme okusebenza nalapho kukhishwa imisinga ephezulu yokuphuma.
Ukushaja ibhethri leasidi yomthofu kulula, kodwa kufanele kubhekwe imikhawulo efanele yamandla kagesi.Ukukhetha umkhawulo kagesi ophansi kuvikela ibhethri, kodwa lokhu kukhiqiza ukusebenza kabi futhi kubangela ukunqwabelana kwe-sulfate epuleti elibi.Umkhawulo kagesi ophezulu uthuthukisa ukusebenza kodwa wenza ukugqwala kwegridi kupuleti eliphozithivu.Ngenkathi i-sulfation ingahlehliswa uma isevisiwe ngesikhathi, ukugqwala kuhlala unomphela.
I-asidi yomthofu ayikuniki ukushaja ngokushesha futhi ngezinhlobo eziningi, ukushaja okugcwele kuthatha amahora angu-14–16.Ibhethri kufanele ligcinwe lisesimweni sokushajwa ngokugcwele.Ukushaja okuphansi kubangela i-sulfation, isimo esiphuca ibhethri ukusebenza.Ukwengeza i-carbon ku-electrode engalungile kunciphisa le nkinga kodwa lokhu kwehlisa amandla athile.
I-asidi yomthofu inesikhathi sokuphila esimaphakathi, kodwa ayikho ngaphansi kwenkumbulo njengoba kunjalo amasistimu asekelwe ku-nickel, futhi ukugcinwa kweshaja kungcono kakhulu phakathi kwamabhethri aphinde ashajwe.Nakuba i-NiCd ilahlekelwa cishe amaphesenti angu-40 wamandla ayo agciniwe ezinyangeni ezintathu, i-lead acid iyazikhipha yona inani elifanayo ngonyaka owodwa.Ibhethri le-asidi eholayo lisebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa abandayo futhi liphakeme kune-lithium-ion uma lisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaphansi.Ngokusho kwe-RWTH, e-Aachen, Germany (2018), izindleko ze-asidi eholayo egcwele izikhukhula zilinganiselwa ku-$150 kWh ngayinye, enye yamabhethri aphansi kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-13-2021